The impact of social media on public relations practice Research Paper

The impact of social media on public relations practice - Research Paper Example Introduction There has been a significant change in the media landscape during the past couple of decades particularly due to the advent of social media which has singlehandedly revolutionized the concept of communication. The world of media and communications has taken giant strides towards development from its humble beginnings dominated largely by print media and radio broadcasts to the use of state-of-the art technological gadgets such as tablets, iPhones, digital recorders, and web enabled tools such as social networking services including blogs, webcasts, video blogs, YouTube and the likes (Breakenridge, 2008; Busy, 2004). Considering the vast outreach of technology and the unlimited access it offers, the gap between the public and the marketers has narrowed significantly. It would not be a far cry to claim that the generation of this era travels with technology in their pockets, thus enabling the public relations practitioners to smoothly and effectively deliver their messages to the targeted audiences, at a mere click of a button (Hazelton, Harrison-Rexrode, & Keenan, 2007). The revolutionary changes in the field of technology has also completely changed the manner in which the average consumers connect, access, interpret, and use the information made available to them. The change in the social media landscape has triggered off simultaneous changes in the practice of public relations as is evident from the growing amount of literature substantiating the claim. As these fields grow and evolve in response to the changes in the technology, the delivery of strategic information to the public is likely to change as well (Kelleher, 2009; Macnamara, 2010). 1.1. Definitions This section offers definition to key terms used in the paper, which includes – Public relations and Social media. Public Relations: The term ‘public relation’ is defined differently by different authors. In general terms it is used to describe the 'management functions' performed by a group of professionals with a pre-defined outcome in mind. The Chartered Institute of Public Relations (UK) has defined the term as "the planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics" (qtd. in Watson & Noble, 2007: 6) Griswold defines public relations as "the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual or an organization with the public interest, and plans and executes a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance" (qtd. in Heath & Vasquez, 2001: 192). The Public Relations Society of America (1999) states that "Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other" (qtd. in Health & Vasquez, 2001: 192). Social Media: According to Jue, Marr, & Kassotakis (2009: 4) the term social media refers to "the many relatively inexpensive and widely accessible electronic tools that enab le anyone to publish and access information, collaborate on a common effort, or build relationships". 1.2. Key objectives of the study The fundamental objectives underlying this research study are listed below: To identify various social media tools used by public relations practitioners and assess the manner in which such tools are used to manipulate the perceptions of the target consumers To examine and understand the manner in and extent to which the development and introduction of social media tools

The Attributes Of The Nurse Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Attributes Of The Nurse Leadership - Essay Example I have grown with my self-knowledge and this growth emanated from m interaction with other people. As a nurse, there was always the need to mingle with other officers to work together and in some cases take instructions from them. As all these interactions took place, there were avenues through which I easily pointed to some of my weaknesses and strengths and these generally make up for my self-knowledge. The lessons and topics have also gone a long way to teach me about differences in personalities and this has spiced up my self-knowledge. The class sections have really helped in shaping my interpersonal relationship with others. Before, I was the type who believed so much in my personhood and thus had very little time to pay attention to who other people were and what they did. Today, I have come to accept the need for social integration and the basic requirements for this; which includes the need to open up to other people and give them the chance to also express themselves freely. This has however not defeated the need for me to continue to be an active communicator instead of a passive one. As the topic areas in this course of leadership proofs to be more and beneficial to my studies and career as a nurse, it is important that I seek an avenue to continue to learn more topics regarding leadership. In this direction, some key topics I have penned down include but not limited to The knowledge they say is not vested in the head of one person alone. For this reason, I constantly feel the need to learn from other people to equip what I already know and have. For this reason, I pay particular attention to the attributes of other nurses and learn a lot from them during interactions with them. I am never shy to ask questions for clarity and ask for my mistakes to be corrected. Through such means, I am hoping to be a perfect nurse in the nearest future.

Asbestos hazards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asbestos hazards - Essay Example The case of James Hardie Industries in Australia is a learning experience on how failure of the businesses to induce a mechanism of occupational health issues can remain critical to its operations. Occupational health hazards do exist in daily operations in most businesses. However, it remains the role of the managers and the health department to ensure that the staff and the target consumers are safe, during the process of conducting the sales as well as production. That is the reason the national department on safety does recommend that every business should have a safety program for its workers prior to kicking off its operations. Some of the business products are at the verge of posing long-term effects to the victims of the same. It, therefore, remains expensive to compensate the victims as long-term damage has already occurred in their system. Prevention is always better than cure. It is advantageous for a firm to come up with outlines of hazards prevention rather than coming u p with them when damage has already happened. Utilization of protective devices is also important especially in areas where various lethal gases or solids are at risk of coming into contact with the bodies of the victims.Deaths related to asbestos toxicity were on the increase. Everybody was aware that the firm was responsible for the effects. Mesothelioma was the main condition that the majority of people suffered from. More than 10000 deaths did occur in Australia due to the toxicity emanating from asbestos.

Artists Chosen to Depict This World in a Positive and Negative Sides Essay

Artists Chosen to Depict This World in a Positive and Negative Sides - Essay Example Art serves many purposes and for these purposes is to relate to its audience.  Ã‚   Relating to the audience can either be done either by painting the world in a positive light or otherwise by invoking the darker side of man and society.   Both methods are effective in rendering art. One of the artists that depicted in this world in a positive light is Claude Monet (1840-1926), a French impressionist painter famous for his ponds and water lilies.   He portrayed the world in a positive a light because he invokes fond memories among his audience when he paints his ponds, water lilies, garden, and beach.  Ã‚   Noticeably, Monet’s work is full of depicting waters in various form be it ponds or beaches, it invokes a positive feeling among his audience because it reminds them of outing, the family gets together, childhood and happy moments. The other approach that is opposite to Monet’s positive outlook is depicting the darker side of man and society.   This approac h is to bother and unsettle the audience by invoking negativity in the artwork.   One of the classic examples is Pablo Picasso with his distorted image of man and his surroundings.   His approach was so negative that he was first criticized for his negative approach in painting.   Finally, the audience caught up with him and understood the genius of his work that beauty can also be portrayed by evoking the negative aspect of man and society and not just by painting nice things and people which could sometimes be boring.

Brand Impact and Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brand Impact and Popular Culture - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Matthew McConaughey is an American actor well known for his role in films like Dazed and Confused  (1993), Amistad  (1997), and Failure to Launch (2006). In recent years, McConaughey has featured in small, independent films and has featured in some exigent roles. Toyota Corolla was launched in 1966 primarily as a family car. It was positioned as a progressive and friendly vehicle. The newest version of the Corolla is focused on providing an instantaneous good feeling to the customer. There is a picture of a sleek, attractive Toyota Corolla zooming along the river side on the first slide of the theme board. The photograph of a smiling, friendly brand endorser on the same slide is used to encode the feeling of goodness. The Brand Typology model suggests that brands can be classified into eight categories namely Clean Slates, Weak Brands, Little Tigers, Defenders, Olympic, Classic, Specialist and Fading Stars by analyzing their momentum and familiarity in the marketplace. Olympic brands are illustrious and have a large customer base. These brands are usually the talk of the town and serve as benchmarks for other brands. At present Toyota Corolla is an Olympic brand. The car was launched in 1966 and is now pegged as the ‘World’s Most Popular Car’. The Japanese company has manufactured more than 40 million Toyota Corolla cars since its launch. The model is sold in more than 150 countries and regions around the world. McConaughey too is recognized worldwide. The experienced actor has staged a remarkable mid-career comeback and his popularity has increased tremendously in recent times. Good looks, humility, and award-winning performances have made McConaughey an admirable person.

The Rojas Murders of 1892 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rojas Murders of 1892 - Research Paper Example Crime prevention presents a drain on limited budgets but this is considered as a necessary expense; otherwise, society breaks down. If prevention fails, law enforcement authorities have to resort to investigative techniques and forensic science to try to solve a crime that was committed. Forensics is the scientific and methodological gathering of evidence in the investigation of crimes with the aim of catching the criminal. The hope of eventually catching the real perpetrators of a crime depends to a big extent on how good the forensic investigator is. There are essentially two steps involved which are the keen sense of making detailed or accurate observations of a crime scene and properly document those same observations. Forensics is usually undertaken by experienced police investigators and helped in large part by expert forensic scientists. The act of gathering crime scene evidence may not always make the case but certainly, a good forensic investigation, interpretation of the cr ime scene evidence and an astute analysis will always make a prosecution case much better. In other words, good forensics can strengthen a weak case and help to catch a criminal based on anything left behind from the crime scene which would have otherwise escaped notice or detection. This paper talks and discusses on one such precedent-setting case in which fingerprint evidence was first used in a court case to convict a mother who killed her own two sons. Discussion Catching a criminal is always a risky business, risky in the sense that most crimes are committed in secret. A criminal is unlucky if he is not careful and is caught in the very act of the crime being committed, termed in Latin â€Å"in flagrante delicto† (originally used as euphemism for someone caught having sexual intercourse but has since been extended to the commission of any crime) and used in English and jurisprudence today as being â€Å"caught red handed.† If this happens then the case could be co nsidered as an â€Å"open and shut case† in which there are witnesses to the crime who can give their testimonies in open court and corroborate what they actually saw. However, majority of crimes are committed in secret with no witnesses to the crime and this is where forensic science can be a big help in solving the crime and catching the criminal. It is a highly-specialized field that requires the appropriate education, training, experience and use of good logic and deductive reasoning to be able to properly document the observations in crime scenes, preserve the evidence from tampering, prevent crime scenes from being inadvertently or intentionally altered and possibly reconstruct the most probable crime scenario to be able to give an expert opinion on what happened, how it happened and who did it. The novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle about a fictional detective named as Mr. Sherlock Holmes easily comes to mind when it comes to forensic investigative science and also of log ical reasoning in arriving at an expert opinion in a classic whodunit. In crime cases where there are no witnesses, police investigators must rely on the crime scene evidence to try to pin down the criminals based on circumstantial evidence through deductive reasoning and inference. Correctly connecting the crime and the criminal essentially requires establishing the very presence of the criminal at the crime scene. This is quite a tedious undertaking that calls for accuracy to remove any reasonable doubts. There is extreme

The digital stop clock Essay Example for Free

The digital stop clock Essay It is accurate because, it measures to 100ml 1. Pipette -To make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. 1. gas syringe -To measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. Throughout this reaction the carbon dioxide is colourless so without it I would have problems measuring and observing the reaction, so if a substance is added to give the carbon dioxide a colour, my final results might not be reliable. I have researched that using a gas syringe is a lot more efficient than using a measuring cylinder as problems occur with the air bubbles.. 1. The electronic balance We used to measure the amount of calcium carbonate we would need for each experiment. The balance is measured in grams (g) We used also used this equipment to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 3 decimal places which are helpful as I am using a mass of 0. 5grams. 1. The digital stop clock. -We used the stop clock to time how long the experiment would last for and to make sure that we didn’t go over the amount of time set to do each repeat. There is a start and reset button to start the timer and a stop button to stop the timer this makes it more easy to use. The digital stop watch is also precise because it measures to hundredth seconds which helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals and making the experiment a fair test as every measurement was taken at certain time. 1. Stand clamp: The reason why we used this is because the stand clamp for safety reasons as we must ensure that ga syringe and the flask with the acid that are connected to each other are stable so they do not tip over, this is because it may affect the results, and if the acid spills it could be expensive to replace a new one. Same goes with the gas syringe. The reason we used a stand clamp is because the equipment were held steadily to increase the gas flow through the tubing. This will help the gas access the syringe to read the results more accurately. 1. Spatula: We used the spatula to take out the calcium carbonate from the jar because it was the only equipment small enough to fit through the jar. Using another piece of equipment, for example a spoon, would be too large to fit through. 1. Weighing Boat: We placed the calcium carbonate in the weighing boat after we measured it. The weighing boat is light, so it will not affect how we measure the calcium carbonate. 1. Goggles: We wore goggles as part of our health and safety rules that we had to follow to stop any injuries from happening. An example for when we need goggles is when we need to prevent acid from getting into your eyes as it may damage your eyes for the long term. 1. Conical flask with bung: We used this piece of equipment because we needed to put in the reactants (calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid) that we used when measuring the amount of gas being produced. It attached onto the gas syringe so the gas that was produced in the reaction could pass through the tube to be measured. The bung is there to make sure that the gas being produced, does not escape from the conical flask. The method consists of several steps: 1. Put on your lab coat and goggles. 2. Gather all the equipment that you need e. g. gas cylinder with chronicle flask, two clamp stands, measuring boat, measuring cylinder, and stop watch. 3. Set your equipment up e. g. clamp the gas cylinder into one clamp stand, and clamp the chronicle flask into the other clamp stand, making sure they are at the same height 4. Measure the hydrochloric acid with a measuring cylinder. 5. Pour the acid into the chronicle flask 6. Weigh out the calcium carbonate with the electronic balance. 7. Pour the calcium carbonate into the chronicle flask 8. Place the bung on straight away, and start the digital stop watch 9. Take readings from the gas cylinder every 10 seconds. Main experiment – changing the surface area. The equipment we used was pipette. We used this to make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. We used the gas syringe to measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. We used the electronic balance to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 2 decimal places and we also used the stop clock as it is precise because it measured to hundredth seconds. This helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals. In the surface area we made sure that we kept the 2M of the hydrochloric acid for each experiment of the surface area. We also used a mercury thermometer as it gives us a better precise reading and allows us to see whether the temperature of the hydrochloric acid makes a difference to the results. The method of the experiment of surface area was on the first experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml, by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. The second experiment we used medium calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For the third experiment we used large calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 2M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For every experiment for the surface area we poured the hydrochloric acid into the conical flask, and then added the calcium chips as fast as possible to ensure the gas does not escape into the air, and not in the gas cylinder. As soon as we placed the bung inside the conical flask, we immediately started the stop watch and timed it up to 120 seconds. For every 10 seconds the person in role of the stop watch would shout at every 10 seconds, and the other person reading the gas cylinder will shout how fast the rubber, tubing is moving out of the gas cylinder. Then we would record the results in the table and repeat the same experiment 5 times to make the results precise and reliable. Results for surface area. We first started off with calcium carbonate powder (1. 5g)with hydrochloric acid (30ml) but the reaction took place within 5 seconds and immediately reacted. Therefore it was very fast and it was impossible for us to take any readings. Because of this we decided to use calcium carbonate chips so it is easier to take the reading. Table 4. Results for small chips of calcium carbonate Calcium Small Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3 (ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat5 (ml) Averages Evaluating the results for small chips of calcium carbonate Table 4 shows the surface area of small calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of small calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. There does not seem to be any outliers; a good start for the first results. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to result precision. From the Table 4, we can see that the volume of gas produced increased fast towards the average of 110. From this we were keen to find out if the medium calcium chips made a more noticeable difference. Table 5. Evaluating results for medium chips of calcium carbonate Calcium Medium Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3 (ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat 5(ml) Averages   Outliers Evaluating results for medium chips of calcium carbonate. In Table 5, we show the surface area of medium calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of medium calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. In this graph there seems to be an outliner which is highlighted in blue. For the averages we did not include the outlier to give us a more reliable and precise average. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to assure result precision. From Table 5 we can see that the volume of gas produced has gradually increased towards the time of 120 seconds. This shows that medium chips are the best results so far. To make sure we have concluded the right decision we wanted to check if large calcium chips would make a stronger difference. Table 6. Evaluating results for large chips Calcium Large Chips 1. 5g Hydrochloric Acid 2M 30ml Volume Of Gas Produced (ml) Time Repeat 1 (ml) Repeat 2 (ml) Repeat 3(ml) Repeat 4 (ml) Repeat 5 (ml) Averages Outliers Evaluating results for large chips of calcium carbonate. In Table 6 we show the surface area of large calcium chips. We did this by using 1. 5g of large calcium chips and 30ml of volume of 2M hydrochloric acid. In this graph there seems to be an outliner which is highlighted in blue. In the outlier the temperature on the hydrochloric acid was 23EC, which is an inconvenience and the rest of the results that don’t have an outlier have all got 24EC. This tells us the that the change in temperature may be a reason why there may be an outlier. For the averages we did not include the outlier to give us a more reliable and precise average. As you can see we repeated the experiment 5 times to assure precision in results. From the Table 6 we can see that the volume of gas produced has gradually increased towards the time of 120 seconds. This shows that large chips results are also reliable. Graphs for surface area. In the graph I can see that small chips used in the reaction releases more volume of gas in (ml) is better as it increases the amount of carbon dioxide produced till 100 seconds so the amount of carbon dioxide produced from 100 – 120 seconds becomes constant. The medium chips starts releasing gas at 10 seconds at a volume of 9ml. The volume of gas then increases up to 120 at a volume of 83ml. The large chips starts releasing gas at 10 seconds at a volume of 9ml and the volume of gas then increases up to 120 seconds at a volume of 85ml. Because we did not carry on timing the experiment we do not know if the rate of reaction decreases at 120 seconds and more because both large and medium chips seem to be increasing the volume of gas. As you can see from these results in the graph.large and medium chips release almost the same amount of carbon dioxide. This means that both the differences between large and medium are insignificant. as the range bars overlap. Conclusion for surface area In the surface area there was more area available for collisions to take place. If the reactant is a solid it is necessary to break it into smaller pieces to increase surface area. In the surface area results, we found out that as the mass of the calcium chips are larger; it increases the speed of the particles. The faster the particles move, the greater the number of collisions, and therefore the rate of the reaction increases. Chemical reactions take place by chance. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. As surface area is increased the particles move faster since they have more energy. This means that they are colliding more often and most of the collisions have enough velocity to cause a reaction. Since there are more collisions the chemical reaction takes place faster. Main experiment – changing concentration. The equipment we used was pipette. We used this to make sure the volume of acid used was as accurate as possible. The way we measured the acid was at eye level from the bottom of the meniscus. We used the gas syringe to measure the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced. The syringe was precise because it measured volume in 1ml divisions. We used the electronic balance to ensure the experiment is precise because the electronic balance is measured to 2 decimal places. Qe also used the stop clock as it is precise because it measured to hundredth seconds which helped us accurately record the volumes of gas at our set intervals. In the concentration we made sure that we kept the calcium carbonate small chips of 1. 5g and the hydrochloric acid 30ml but just changed the M to 0. 5M, 1M, 1. 5M, 2M for each experiment for the concentration. We also used a mercury thermometer as it gives us a more precise reading and allows us to see whether the temperature of the hydrochloric acid makes a difference in the results. The method of the experiment for the concentration was on the first experiment as we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 0.5M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. In the second experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 1M of hydrochloric acid of a volume of 30ml by using a measuring cylinder which allowed us to measure the volume accurately. For the third experiment we used small calcium chips with the mass of 1. 5g. We measured this by using an electronic balance and we used 1. 5.